Calculates body mass index from height and weight for obesity assessment and metabolic risk screening

Calculates body surface area using the Mosteller formula for drug dosing, fluid calculation, and cardiac index

Calculates ideal body weight using the Devine formula for drug dosing and ventilator settings

Calculates adjusted body weight for antibiotic dosing in obese patients

Calculates basal metabolic rate using the Harris-Benedict equation for nutrition planning and ICU diet calculation

Calculates pulse pressure for arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk assessment

Calculates mean arterial pressure for ICU monitoring, shock management, and sepsis protocols

Calculates heart rate-corrected QT interval using Bazett formula for arrhythmia risk assessment and medication monitoring

Calculates serum anion gap for metabolic acidosis evaluation and differential diagnosis

Calculates serum osmolality for hyponatremia evaluation and osmolar gap assessment

Corrects serum sodium for hyperglycemia in diabetic emergencies (DKA/HHS)

Corrects serum calcium for low albumin levels to assess true calcium status

Calculates sodium deficit or excess for hyponatremia/hypernatremia correction planning

Calculates free water deficit for hypernatremia correction and fluid resuscitation planning

Calculates daily maintenance fluid requirements using the Holliday-Segar method for hospitalized patients

Predicts expected pCO2 in metabolic acidosis to assess respiratory compensation adequacy

Calculates delta-delta ratio to identify mixed acid-base disorders in high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Calculates alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient for hypoxemia evaluation and pulmonary gas exchange assessment

Calculates P/F ratio for ARDS diagnosis and severity classification per Berlin criteria

Calculates net fluid balance for volume status assessment and fluid management in hospitalized patients

Calculates cumulative smoking exposure for lung cancer screening eligibility and cardiovascular risk assessment

Estimates 10-year cardiovascular disease risk

Predicts 30-day mortality in STEMI patients

Calculates cardiac output using Fick principle

Calculates aortic valve area for stenosis assessment

Calculates mitral valve area using pressure half-time method

Predicts in-hospital and 6-month mortality in acute coronary syndrome

Interprets BNP and NT-proBNP levels for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis

New York Heart Association functional classification for heart failure

Blood pressure classification and treatment guidance per latest guidelines

Risk stratification for unstable angina and NSTEMI guiding early vs. conservative strategy

Calculates derived hemodynamic parameters from invasive monitoring data

Classifies heart failure by ejection fraction with ESC 2021 guideline-directed therapy

Guides AF management strategy including anticoagulation, rate vs rhythm control decisions

Comprehensive eGFR calculator with CKD staging per National Kidney Foundation

For drug dosing adjustments - NKF recommended for research only

Differentiates prerenal from intrinsic AKI

Alternative to FENa when on diuretics

Acute kidney injury classification per KDIGO guidelines

Evaluate renal response in metabolic acidosis

2-year and 5-year risk of kidney failure (NKF recommended)

Assesses level of consciousness after head injury

Rapid neurological assessment in emergency triage

ED triage acuity classification system

Identifies patients at risk of clinical deterioration

Standardized early warning score for acute illness severity

Rapid assessment of hemodynamic status

Rapid sepsis screening tool outside ICU

Determines need for cervical spine imaging in trauma

Clinical probability of pulmonary embolism

Rule out pulmonary embolism without testing

Decision rule for cervical spine imaging in trauma

Risk stratification for community-acquired pneumonia

Determines need for ankle X-ray after injury

Predicts group A streptococcal pharyngitis probability

Triage tool for trauma patients

Decision rule for cervical spine imaging in trauma

Alternative decision rule for cervical spine imaging

Rule out PE without D-dimer in low-risk patients

Identify systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Rapid sepsis screening tool

Pneumonia severity and disposition decision

ICU mortality prediction score

Calculate fluid resuscitation for burn patients

Estimate total body surface area burned

Pneumonia severity assessment

Pneumonia Severity Index for CAP

Differentiate exudative from transudative pleural effusion

Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient for hypoxemia evaluation

Multidimensional COPD severity and mortality predictor

Guides PEEP and FiO₂ titration in ARDS

Converts HbA1c to estimated average glucose (eAG) for diabetes monitoring and patient education

Interprets thyroid-stimulating hormone levels for thyroid function assessment

Adjusts serum calcium for albumin levels to assess true calcium status

Interprets 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for deficiency assessment and supplementation guidance

Estimates 10-year probability of major osteoporotic and hip fractures

Calculates free testosterone from total testosterone, albumin, and SHBG using Vermeulen equation

Interprets paired ACTH and cortisol levels for adrenal insufficiency and Cushing syndrome evaluation

Classifies diabetic ketoacidosis severity based on ADA criteria for treatment guidance

ACR TI-RADS classification for thyroid nodules

Calculates vitamin D replacement dose

Differentiates benign from malignant adrenal lesions

Assesses polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis based on Rotterdam criteria

Calculates growth velocity in children to assess for growth disorders

Diagnoses metabolic syndrome based on NCEP ATP III criteria for cardiovascular risk assessment

Calculates Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance for metabolic assessment

Guides workup of incidentally discovered adrenal masses based on size and imaging characteristics

Interprets screening tests for hypercortisolism and guides diagnostic workup

Interprets plasma metanephrine levels for pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma screening

Interprets aldosterone-renin ratio for primary aldosteronism screening in hypertensive patients

Interprets testosterone levels and symptoms for hypogonadism diagnosis in men

Determines LDL cholesterol treatment targets based on cardiovascular risk

Classifies obesity severity and guides treatment options based on BMI and comorbidities

Calculates BMI percentile for children and adolescents (2-20 years) using CDC growth charts

Interprets 75g or 100g oral glucose tolerance test for gestational diabetes diagnosis

Evaluates early pubertal development and guides diagnostic workup

Evaluates absent or delayed pubertal development and guides diagnostic workup

Quantifies hirsutism severity in women for hyperandrogenism evaluation

Guides diagnostic workup of male breast enlargement

Initial levothyroxine dose estimation

Bioavailable testosterone assessment

Hormonal balance assessment

Adrenal insufficiency diagnosis

Vitamin D deficiency treatment dosing

Classify pituitary tumors by size

Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance

CT washout for adrenal adenoma characterization

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease - predicts 3-month mortality and prioritizes liver transplant allocation

MELD with sodium - improved mortality prediction in cirrhosis by incorporating hyponatremia

Classifies cirrhosis severity and predicts prognosis and surgical risk in chronic liver disease

Non-invasive fibrosis assessment using age, AST, ALT, and platelets for NAFLD and viral hepatitis

AST to Platelet Ratio Index - simple non-invasive marker for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis

Risk stratification for upper GI bleeding - identifies patients safe for outpatient management

Predicts mortality and rebleeding risk in upper GI bleeding after endoscopy

Simple bedside risk score for upper GI bleeding mortality using 5 variables

Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis — predicts in-hospital mortality within 24 hours of admission

Classic 11-point severity scoring for acute pancreatitis — 5 admission criteria plus 6 criteria at 48 hours

Simple clinical activity index for Crohn's disease severity assessment and monitoring

Disease activity assessment for Ulcerative Colitis — full and partial Mayo Scores for monitoring and treatment decisions

Histological scoring system for NAFLD/NASH severity — guides liver biopsy interpretation and treatment decisions

Diagnostic criteria for SBP in cirrhotic patients with ascites — based on ascitic fluid analysis

Balthazar CT Severity Index for acute pancreatitis — combines pancreatic inflammation grade and necrosis extent

Diagnosis and subtyping of Irritable Bowel Syndrome using Rome IV criteria — and differential diagnosis guide

Quantifies stroke severity and predicts outcomes

Screens for mild cognitive impairment and dementia

Classic cognitive screening tool for dementia

Classifies severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Predicts vasospasm risk after SAH

Predicts stroke risk after TIA

Measures degree of disability after stroke

Predicts mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage

Stroke risk after transient ischemic attack

Grading scale for subarachnoid hemorrhage

Predicts vasospasm risk after SAH

Determines need for CT scan after minor head injury

Stroke risk in atrial fibrillation - guides anticoagulation

Bleeding risk assessment for anticoagulation in AF

Measure degree of disability after stroke

Classify severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Predict vasospasm risk after SAH

Quantify disability in multiple sclerosis

Screen for mild cognitive impairment

Screen for dementia and cognitive impairment

Assess severity of Parkinson's disease

Stage Parkinson's disease progression

Predicts ICU mortality using physiologic variables

Updated ICU mortality prediction with improved accuracy

ICU mortality prediction using 17 variables

Daily organ dysfunction assessment in ICU

Assesses sedation and agitation levels in ICU

Diagnoses delirium in mechanically ventilated patients

Pain assessment in non-communicative ICU patients

Pain assessment in sedated mechanically ventilated patients

Evidence-based ICU liberation bundle checklist

Quantifies cardiovascular support in critically ill patients

Predicts successful extubation from mechanical ventilation

Comprehensive weaning readiness assessment

Identifies ICU patients who benefit most from aggressive nutrition

Tracks fluid accumulation and guides de-resuscitation

Assesses oxygenation and ARDS severity

Assesses oxygenation severity incorporating ventilator settings

Guides PEEP and FiO₂ titration in ARDS

Predicts mortality in ARDS better than tidal volume or PEEP alone

Quantifies total energy delivered to lungs by ventilator

Early marker of hemodynamic instability and occult shock

Enhanced shock detection using MAP instead of SBP

Dynamic predictor of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients

Dynamic predictor of fluid responsiveness using arterial waveform analysis

Bedside test for fluid responsiveness without fluid administration

Marker of global tissue oxygenation and oxygen supply-demand balance

Predicts mortality and guides resuscitation in sepsis and shock

Individualized mean arterial pressure targets in septic shock

Predicts organ dysfunction in abdominal compartment syndrome

Assess oxygenation and ARDS severity

Assess level of sedation and agitation in ICU patients

Screen for delirium in ICU patients

Estimate optimal PEEP based on FiO2 (ARDSNet protocol)

Calculate driving pressure for lung-protective ventilation

Calculate energy delivered to respiratory system per minute

Calculate cumulative fluid balance and percentage

Convert vasopressor doses to norepinephrine equivalents

Assesses severity of community-acquired pneumonia and guides admission decisions

Risk-stratifies CAP patients into five classes for site-of-care decisions

Diagnoses infective endocarditis using clinical, microbiologic, and echocardiographic criteria

WHO clinical staging and ART eligibility assessment for HIV/AIDS

Classifies malaria severity per WHO 2015 criteria to guide IV vs. oral therapy

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment for sepsis diagnosis and ICU mortality prediction

Classifies UTI severity and recommends empiric antibiotics based on risk factors

Calculates initial vancomycin dose targeting AUC/MIC 400-600 per ASHP/IDSA 2020 guidelines

Predicts likelihood of MRSA infection to guide empiric antibiotic selection

Pre-test probability assessment for deep vein thrombosis guiding D-dimer and imaging decisions

Classifies dengue severity per WHO 2009 criteria to guide hospital admission and fluid management

Assesses suitability for antibiotic de-escalation or stop at 48-72 hours (antimicrobial stewardship)

Classifies C. difficile infection severity (IDSA/SHEA 2021) and recommends treatment

Predicts success of labor induction by assessing cervical favorability

Calculate estimated due date using Naegele's rule or ultrasound dating

Calculate precise gestational age from LMP or ultrasound measurements

Estimate fetal weight using Hadlock formula from ultrasound measurements

Assess amniotic fluid volume using four-quadrant technique

Assess fetal well-being using five parameters

Assess risk of developing preeclampsia using clinical factors

Predict probability of successful vaginal birth after cesarean

Assess risk of postpartum hemorrhage

Track fetal movements for fetal well-being assessment

Evaluate preterm birth risk based on cervical length

Calculate magnesium sulfate dosing for preeclampsia seizure prophylaxis

Assess risk factors for shoulder dystocia

Assess newborn condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Interpret contraction stress test results for fetal well-being

Calculate RhoGAM dose for Rh-negative mothers

Determine need for intrapartum GBS antibiotic prophylaxis

Interpret fetal fibronectin test for preterm labor risk

Guide management of oligohydramnios based on severity and gestational age

Determine appropriate monitoring schedule for twin pregnancies

Assess contraceptive safety using WHO MEC Categories 1-4 for various medical conditions

Assesses early pregnancy viability using serial beta-hCG and ultrasound findings

Estimate maternal cardiac output changes in pregnancy

Newborn assessment at 1 and 5 minutes

Weight-for-age percentile calculator

Height-for-age percentile calculator

Head circumference-for-age percentile

Holliday-Segar method for maintenance fluid calculation

Clinical dehydration severity score

Acetaminophen and ibuprofen dosing calculator

Rapid sequence intubation medication calculator

Acute asthma exacerbation severity assessment

Bilirubin level interpretation and phototherapy threshold

Status epilepticus treatment protocol dosing

Clinical criteria for Kawasaki disease diagnosis

Clinical severity assessment for bronchiolitis

Risk stratification for urinary tract infection

Calculates fluid deficit and replacement in dehydrated children

Estimates appropriate ETT size for children

Assesses severity of pediatric trauma

Estimates weight-based pediatric emergency doses

Assesses sepsis risk in febrile infants

Identify children at risk of clinical deterioration

Severity assessment for croup

Calculate appropriate ETT size and depth for pediatric intubation

Calculate hourly maintenance fluid requirements for children

Estimate total blood volume in children

Calculate fluid deficit in dehydrated children

Calculate acetaminophen and ibuprofen doses for fever

Calculate BMI and percentile for children (2-20 years)

Assess head circumference growth in infants and children

Age-appropriate normal ranges for vital signs

Assessment of newborn condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Gestational age assessment in newborns

AAP guidelines for phototherapy in newborns based on bilirubin levels and risk factors

NRP drug dosing calculator for neonatal resuscitation

Assessment and management of neonatal hypoglycemia

Early-onset sepsis risk assessment in term and late preterm infants

Daily fluid requirements for neonates based on weight and age

Assess rheumatoid arthritis disease activity using 28 joint count

Classify rheumatoid arthritis using 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria

Assess systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity

Assess irreversible organ damage in SLE patients

Assess disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis

Classify psoriatic arthritis using CASPAR criteria

Assess probability of gout using clinical and laboratory features

Assess functional disability in rheumatic diseases

Assess treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis

Assess treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis using ACR criteria

Psoriasis Area and Severity Index for assessing psoriasis severity

Dermatology Life Quality Index for assessing impact of skin disease on quality of life

Clinical assessment tool for identifying suspicious pigmented lesions

Severity-of-illness score for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)

Calculate body surface area affected by skin disease using Rule of Nines

Classification system for skin type based on response to UV exposure

SCORing Atopic Dermatitis - comprehensive severity assessment for atopic dermatitis

Nail Psoriasis Severity Index for assessing psoriatic nail disease

Calculate total body surface area affected by burns

Prognostic staging based on tumor thickness

Clinical staging system for hidradenitis suppurativa severity

Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) for severity assessment

Vitiligo Area Scoring Index for disease extent assessment

Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days for chronic urticaria assessment

Clinical severity grading for rosacea with subtype classification

Bleeding risk assessment in patients on anticoagulation therapy

Stroke risk stratification in atrial fibrillation patients

Clinical probability assessment for deep vein thrombosis

Clinical probability assessment for pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria for low-risk patients

Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index for risk stratification

Adjusted reticulocyte count for anemia assessment

Calculate ANC for infection risk assessment in neutropenic patients

Evidence-based hemoglobin thresholds for RBC transfusion

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia probability assessment

Bleeding risk in patients on anticoagulation

Pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Predicts ADAMTS13 severe deficiency — distinguishes TTP from other thrombotic microangiopathies requiring urgent plasmapheresis

International Working Group criteria for assessing treatment response in Immune Thrombocytopaenia (ITP)

International Prognostic Scoring System — risk stratification and treatment guidance for MDS

Revised International Prognostic Index for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the rituximab era

Risk stratification for Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia — guides TKI therapy selection and intensity of monitoring

Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System — prognosis and treatment guidance for primary and secondary myelofibrosis

ISTH Bleeding Assessment Tool — quantifies personal/family bleeding history to identify abnormal bleeding and guide coagulation workup

Risk stratification and treatment guidance for Antiphospholipid Syndrome — based on antibody profile and clinical features

Assess functional status and prognosis in cancer patients

Assess functional impairment in cancer patients (0-100 scale)

Determine cancer stage based on TNM classification

Calculate chemotherapy dose based on body surface area

Risk stratification for complications in febrile neutropenia

Grade prostate cancer based on histologic patterns

Estimate 5-year and lifetime breast cancer risk

Interpret Oncotype DX score for breast cancer treatment decisions

Stage non-small cell lung cancer using TNM 8th edition

Stratify colorectal cancer risk and screening recommendations

Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system — the internationally accepted standard for HCC treatment allocation

International Prognostic Index for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — validated for DLBCL and widely applied across aggressive lymphomas

International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (Heng criteria) — risk stratification and first-line therapy selection for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm — combines CA-125 and HE4 to stratify ovarian cancer risk before surgery

Calculate PSA velocity and doubling time to guide prostate cancer surveillance and treatment decisions

International Staging System and Revised ISS — prognosis and treatment intensity guidance for multiple myeloma

FIGO 2023 staging system for endometrial/uterine cancer — revised staging with molecular classification integration

MSI/MMR-based treatment algorithm for colorectal cancer — guides immunotherapy eligibility, adjuvant chemotherapy decisions, and Lynch syndrome screening

Patient Health Questionnaire for depression severity assessment

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale for anxiety severity

Screening tool for bipolar spectrum disorders

Screening tool for alcohol and drug abuse

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia assessment

Assessment tool for manic symptoms severity

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 screening and severity

Preoperative assessment of patient physical status

Calculate IBW for drug dosing and ventilator settings

Airway assessment for difficult intubation prediction

Predicts risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Assesses newborn status at 1 and 5 minutes of life

Reversal of rocuronium/vecuronium neuromuscular blockade

Target-controlled infusion and TIVA dosing guide for propofol

Screens for obstructive sleep apnoea before surgery

Calculates intraoperative fluid requirements and guides goal-directed therapy

Maximum safe doses for common local anaesthetic agents

Converts between opioid analgesics for safe rotation

Calculate optimal iodinated contrast dose for CT imaging based on patient weight and scan protocol

Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System classification for mammography findings

Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System for pulmonary nodule management

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System for thyroid nodule risk stratification

Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System for prostate cancer detection

Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury risk stratification before iodinated contrast administration (Mehran 2004)

Classify adrenal incidentalomas as lipid-rich adenoma, indeterminate, or malignant using non-contrast and washout Hounsfield unit criteria

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS 2018) for HCC risk stratification in high-risk patients on surveillance

Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS 2020) risk stratification for adnexal lesions on ultrasound

Bosniak 2019 classification of cystic renal masses by CT/MRI features to guide malignancy risk and management

Estimate effective radiation dose (mSv) for common imaging procedures and compare to background radiation

Convert CT Dose Length Product (DLP, mGy·cm) to patient effective dose (mSv) using ICRP region-specific k-factors

Classify abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) size, estimate annual rupture risk, and recommend surveillance or surgical referral thresholds

Calculate standard and body-weight-adjusted gadolinium contrast agent dose for MRI, with NSF risk stratification based on renal function

Classify spleen size by craniocaudal length or volume on CT/MRI/USS and grade splenomegaly severity with differential diagnosis

Clinical decision rule to determine need for cervical spine imaging in trauma patients

Clinical decision rule to determine need for ankle and foot radiography after injury

Clinical prediction rule for deep vein thrombosis probability

WHO fracture risk assessment tool for 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture

Classification system for open fractures based on wound size, contamination, and soft tissue injury

Classification system for pediatric physeal (growth plate) fractures

Validated outcome tool for hip function following arthroplasty or hip disease — assesses pain, function, deformity, and range of motion

Patient-reported outcome measure for knee arthroplasty and knee osteoarthritis — 12 items covering pain and function over the past 4 weeks

Shortened 11-item version of the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire measuring upper extremity disability and symptoms

Validated shoulder function scoring system combining subjective symptoms with objective measurements — widely used for arthroplasty and rotator cuff outcomes

Predicts the need for primary amputation in severely injured extremities by scoring skeletal injury, ischaemia, shock, and age

Calculates delta pressure (ΔP) to guide fasciotomy decision in suspected acute compartment syndrome

Validated pre-operative VTE (DVT/PE) risk stratification to guide thromboprophylaxis decisions in surgical patients

10-section patient-reported outcome measure for cervical spine-related disability in daily activities

Gold-standard patient-reported outcome for low back pain disability — 10 sections covering pain intensity and impact on daily activities

Predicts probability of Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis and guides antibiotic therapy decisions

Standardized grading system for facial nerve function in Bell's palsy and other facial nerve disorders

AJCC 8th Edition TNM staging system for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with treatment recommendations

Screening tool for excessive daytime sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnea risk assessment

Validated screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea risk assessment in surgical and general populations

Head Impulse, Nystagmus, Test of Skew - Differentiates peripheral vertigo from stroke with 96% sensitivity

Corrects measured intraocular pressure based on central corneal thickness to improve glaucoma assessment accuracy

Calculates intraocular lens power for cataract surgery using the SRK/T formula

ETDRS-based classification for diabetic retinopathy with treatment recommendations

Converts visual acuity between Snellen (ft/m), decimal, logMAR, and percentage of normal vision

Estimates 5-year risk of progression to advanced AMD using AREDS2 simplified severity scale

5-year risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma from ocular hypertension using OHTS/EGPS risk model

Interprets optic disc findings including CDR, ISNT rule, and glaucoma suspicion criteria

Classifies dry eye disease severity using TFOS DEWS II criteria with treatment step ladder

Grades keratoconus severity (Stage I–IV) using Amsler–Krumeich criteria with management pathway

Classifies myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism severity with spectacle/contact lens recommendations

Estimates angle closure risk using Van Herick peripheral anterior chamber depth grading

Classifies glaucomatous visual field loss severity using HPA criteria from Humphrey 24-2 report

Classifies colour vision deficiency type and severity based on Ishihara/Farnsworth D-15 findings

Estimates risk of retinal detachment based on myopia, lattice degeneration, family history, and trauma

Calculates prism prescription for horizontal and vertical strabismus with Prentice rule guidance

Calculates PSA density to improve prostate cancer detection accuracy

Assesses lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Predicts spontaneous stone passage based on size and location

Risk stratification tool for necrotizing soft tissue infections including Fournier's gangrene

Calculates %fPSA to improve prostate cancer specificity in PSA grey zone (4–10 ng/mL)

Sexual Health Inventory for Men — assesses erectile function severity over the past 6 months

Converts Gleason pattern scores to Grade Groups (1–5) with risk stratification and treatment guidance

Estimates 5-year probability of a first-time kidney stone recurrence using validated ROKS nomogram

Predicts likely stone composition based on urinary pH and clinical context to guide medical dissolution and prevention

Estimates testicular volume using ellipsoid formula and interprets findings for puberty staging, hypogonadism, and fertility

Screens for overactive bladder (OAB) using the validated 8-item Overactive Bladder Validated 8 questionnaire

Calculates 1-year and 5-year recurrence probabilities for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) using the EORTC risk tables

Predicts probability of testicular torsion using clinical findings to guide urgent surgical exploration

Estimates prostate gland volume from TRUS or MRI measurements using the prolate ellipsoid formula

Interprets post-void residual urine volume in the context of voided volume and clinical symptoms to guide management

Identify dengue warning signs per WHO 2009 criteria — adapted for Pakistan epidemiology

Tuberculosis screening, diagnosis, and treatment eligibility assessment — Pakistan high-burden context

Pakistan-specific malaria treatment recommendations based on species and severity

HBV staging and treatment eligibility assessment for Pakistan — prevalence 3.5%

HCV assessment and DAA treatment eligibility in Pakistan — highest per-capita HCV burden globally

Typhoid fever severity assessment and treatment — XDR typhoid endemic in Pakistan (Hyderabad/Karachi)

WHO/UNICEF malnutrition screening for children — Pakistan ranks 3rd globally for stunting

WHO rabies PEP assessment — Pakistan is high-burden for dog-bite rabies

WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness — adapted for Pakistan's primary care settings

Heat stroke diagnosis and emergency management — Pakistan heatwave mortality context (1,200+ deaths in Karachi 2015)

AFP surveillance criteria — Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only remaining polio-endemic countries

Multidimensional assessment tool for elderly patients covering medical, functional, cognitive, psychological, social, and environmental domains

6-item screening tool to identify elderly patients at risk of malnutrition

10-item assessment of activities of daily living (ADL) to measure functional independence

8-item assessment of instrumental activities of daily living to evaluate independent living skills

Cognitive screening tools - Mini-Mental State Examination or Montreal Cognitive Assessment

15-question screening tool for depression in elderly patients