Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) was discovered in 1988 in porcine brain tissue by Sudoh and colleagues, though it is predominantly synthesised and secreted by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased wall stress, volume overload, and elevated filling pressures. BNP and its biologically inactive cleavage product NT-proBNP are the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for heart failure diagnosis in the acute setting. The landmark ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnoea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) study (2002) established NT-proBNP as the gold standard for AHF diagnosis, with an AUC of 0.94. BNP and NT-proBNP were subsequently incorporated into ESC 2021, ACC/AHA 2022, and NICE 2018 heart failure guidelines as diagnostic and prognostic cornerstones.